Source: "Women in the U. Congress " and "History of Women in the U. Figure compiled by CRS. The fact sheet indicates that data in the "table for Congresses prior to the current one shows maximum number of women elected or appointed to serve in that Congress at one time.
Some filled out unexpired terms and some were never sworn in. Figure 2 shows division of men and women in Congress historically and in the th Congress. Figure 2. This states "Since the U. Congress convened on March 4, , 12, individuals have served as Representatives, Senators, or in both capacities. There have been 10, Members who served only as Representatives, 1, Members who served only in the Senate, and Members with service in both chambers. The total number of Representatives including individuals serving in both bodies is 11, This information is updated once per Congress.
Notes: The House and Senate totals each include one woman who was elected but never sworn in. Delegates and the Resident Commissioner from Puerto Rico are not included in the data. Virgin Islands , and the District of Columbia have been represented by a woman in Congress at some time since Eighteen states have never been represented by a female Senator. Fourteen states have been represented by one female Senator, 12 have sent two, and 6 states have sent three.
Figure 3. Notes: The 16 women who have served in both the House and Senate are counted in each tally. Also counted are one woman from South Carolina House and one woman from South Dakota Senate who were elected but never sworn in due to the House or Senate being out of session.
Pursuant to Article I, Section 2, clause 4 of the U. Constitution, all Representatives enter office through election, even those who enter after a seat becomes open during a Congress. Of the 18 women who entered by appointment, 10 served less than one year. Since the ratification of the Seventeenth Amendment to the Constitution in , nine years prior to the first appointment of a woman to fill a Senate vacancy, Senators have been appointed.
Figure 4. The current total percentage of voting female representation in Congress In the IPU database of worldwide female representation, the United States ties for 78 th worldwide for women in the lower chamber. The percentage of women in Congress also is lower than the percentage of women holding seats in state legislatures.
According to the Center for American Women and Politics, in , "2,, or Women currently hold , or Since the beginning of the 92 nd Congress , the first Congress for which comparative state legislature data are available, 16 the total percentage of women in state legislatures has eclipsed the percentage of women in Congress see Figure 5. The greatest disparity between the percentages of female voting representation in state legislatures as compared with Congress occurred in the early s, when women comprised 6.
The gap has since narrowed. Figure 5. Women in Congress and State Legislatures: Source: Data for women legislators as a percentage of total state legislators derived from Fact Sheet, "Women in State Legislatures ," and "History of Women in the U. Figures compiled by CRS. Notes: Data include upper and lower chambers. The fact sheet for Congress indicates that the "table for Congresses prior to the current one shows maximum number of women elected or appointed to serve in that Congress at one time.
Margaret Chase Smith R-ME was the first such woman, as well as the first woman elected to the Senate without first having been elected or appointed to fill a vacant Senate seat. She was first elected to the House to fill the vacancy caused by the death of her husband Clyde Smith, R-ME, , and she served from June 10, , until January 3, , when she began her Senate service.
She served in the Senate until January 3, Twenty-five African American women serve in the th Congress, including 2 Delegates, a record number.
The previous record number was 21, including 2 Delegates, serving at the end of the th Congress. A total of 47 African American women have served in Congress. Table 3. African American Women in the th Congress. Note: Sen. Kamala Harris is also Asian Pacific American, and she is counted in both categories. Ten Asian Pacific American women serve in the th Congress.
Table 4. Asian Pacific American Women in the th Congress. Kamala Harris is also African American, and is counted in both categories. Twenty Hispanic or Latino women have served in Congress, all but one in the House, and 15 of them, a record number, serve in the th Congress.
Table 5. Hispanic Women in the th Congress. A number of women in Congress, listed in Table 6 , have held positions in their party's leadership. As Speaker of the House in the th Congress, she is second in the line of succession for the presidency.
She also served as Speaker in the th and th Congresses. In the th , th , and th th Congresses, she was elected the House Democratic leader. Previously, Representative Pelosi was elected House Democratic whip, in the th Congress, on October 10, , effective January 15, She was also the first woman nominated to be Speaker of the House. Senator Margaret Chase Smith R-ME , chair of the Senate Republican Conference from to , holds the Senate record for the highest, as well as first, leadership position held by a female Senator.
Table 6. House Democratic Caucus Secretary a. Senate Republican Conference Vice Chair b. The title of this position changed from "Secretary" to "Vice Chair" with the th Congress. In total,. In the th Congress, women chair six standing committees in the House, one standing committee in the Senate, one select committee in the House, and one select committee in the Senate. In addition, a woman chairs one joint committee related to her service on a standing committee. Table 7. Committees Chaired by Women, th Congress.
Pursuant to H. See also Charles W. Fudge on November 18, Senate on January 26, , to fill the vacancy caused by the resignation of Hillary Rodham Clinton. Kirsten Gillibrand was subsequently elected in a special election on November 2, , to the remainder of the term. Kirsten Gillibrand resigned from the House of Representatives on January 26, , and was succeeded in a special election by Scott Murphy on March 31, Solis resigned on February 24, , and was succeeded in a special election by Judy Chu on July 14, DelBene was elected on November 6, , by special election, to fill the vacancy caused by the resignation of Jay Robert Inslee.
Harman resigned on February 28, , and was succeeded in a special election by Janice Hahn on July 12, Hochul was elected on May 24, , by special election, to fill the vacancy caused by the resignation of Christopher John Lee.
Clark was elected on December 10, , by special election, to fill the vacancy caused by the resignation of Edward John Markey. Kelly was elected on April 9, , by special election, to fill the vacancy caused by the resignation of Jesse L. Jackson Jr. Cindy Hyde-Smith was subsequently elected in a special election on November 27, , to the remainder of the term. Tina Smith was subsequently elected in a special election on November 6, , to the remainder of the term.
Brown was elected on November 2, , by special election, to fill the vacancy caused by the resignation of Marcia Fudge. Fudge resigned on March 10, , and was succeeded in a special election by Shontel M.
Brown on November 2, Representative Julia Letlow won the special election to fill the vacancy caused by the death of her husband on March 20, Tenney's election remained undecided until after the th Congress convened. She was sworn in on February 11, with a start date of January 3, Washington, D.
Government Printing Office, Featured Search Historical Highlights of the House. Learn about Foreign Leader Addresses. Featured Search the People of the House. Majority Leaders. We are, however, counting her seat as Democrat-held because a Democrat has been named to take her place. For election results, we used data from Ballotpedia and the Associated Press, as well as news reports. Across both chambers, there are Democratic women and 38 Republican women in the new Congress.
The general election sent just one new congresswoman to the Senate, Republican Cynthia Lummis of Wyoming , making her the first female senator to represent that state. Republican women made significant gains in the House in the most recent election cycle. Of the 27 newly elected representatives who are women, two-thirds 18 are Republicans. That number doubled this year to 30, the highest total ever.
California Rep. Nancy Pelosi , a Democrat and the first female speaker of the House, is serving her fourth term as speaker after being reelected earlier this month. Until the stock market crash, most of the dozen women elected to the House were Republicans, and for several decades afterward the two parties were generally close in numbers in that chamber. But the gap widened in the s and has persisted, despite a temporary narrowing during the Reagan-Bush s. Women have been in Congress for more than a century.
The first, Republican Jeannette Rankin of Montana, was elected to the House in , two years after her state gave women the vote. About two-thirds of the women ever elected to the House of , including the newest members of the th Congress have been elected in or later. The pattern is similar in the Senate: 42 of the 58 women who have ever served in the Senate — including Lummis, the newest female senator — took office in or later. The 19th Amendment, which extended the franchise to women across the nation, was ratified in That November, Alice Mary Robertson of Oklahoma became the first woman to defeat an incumbent congressman.
She lost the seat back to him two years later. In , veteran suffragist Rebecca Latimer Felton of Georgia was appointed to fill a vacant Senate seat; when Congress was unexpectedly called back into session, Felton was sworn in as the first-ever female senator, though she only served for a day.
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