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Volume Article Contents Abstract. Materials and methods. Hobson , Ruth M. School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences. Oxford Academic. Ronald J. E-mail: R. Maughan lboro. Revision received:. Cite Cite Ruth M. Select Format Select format. Permissions Icon Permissions. Abstract Aim : This study was conducted to examine the effect of consuming a dilute alcohol solution weak beer on urine production in euhydrated and hypohydrated individuals.
Table 1 Percentage body mass losses at measured points over the trial compared with baseline measurement. After dehydration protocol. Before drink administration. After observation period.
ENA 1. Open in new tab. Open in new tab Download slide. Hourly urine output for the 4-h observation period after drink ingestion. Table 2 Various physiological parameters measured in the urine at each hour post-drink consumption for the four trials. Hours after drink. Urine pH Pre 6. Serum osmolality over the duration of the trials. Physiology and pathophysiology of the vasopressin-regulated renal water reabsorption.
Google Scholar Crossref. Search ADS. Alcohol and its variable effect on human thermoregulatory response to exercise in warm environment. Calculation of percentage changes in volumes in blood, plasma, and red cells in dehydration.
Google Scholar PubMed. Test—retest reliability of an online measure of past week alcohol consumption the TOT-AL , and comparison with face-to-face interview. Studies on alcohol diuresis. The evaluation of ethyl alcohol as an inhibitor of the neurohypophysis. The effect of ethyl alcohol ingestion on water, electrolyte and acid—base metabolism.
Influence of alcohol on the hydromineral hormone responses to exercise in a warm environment. Restoration of fluid balance after exercise-induced dehydration: effects of alcohol consumption.
Post-exercise rehydration in man: effects of volume consumed and sodium content of ingested fluids. The diuretic effects of alcohol and caffeine and total water intake misclassification. Role of plasma vasopressin in changes of water balance accompanying acute alcohol intoxication. Limiting the impact of the diuretic effect of alcohol The only way to avoid the diuretic effect of alcohol is not to drink any at all. Further advice and information Arming yourself with strategies and tips can help you or a loved one take small steps towards big results.
How to reduce the amount you and your partner drink. How to cut down on alcohol at home. How to stop drinking alcohol completely. Low alcohol drinks. Was this information helpful? Thanks for your feedback. Newsletter Tips to change your relationship with alcohol. The participants consumed all foods and drinks at home, except for lunch, which was served at Wageningen University.
The participants were asked to use the same mode of transportation to the research facilities and back home each trial day. During lunch, the test beverages were consumed on top of the standard daily 2. The room temperature was kept constant. The participants were not blinded for treatment because taste and color differences were apparent with these beverages. Only commercially available beverages were used in this study.
At the end of the observation phase 4 h , the participants that consumed an alcoholic beverage took a breath test. At home, the participants continued to collect urine until the next morning.
During this period, participants could void whenever they needed to. Dietary control was not monitored at home. Participants were asked to report deviations from the instructed diet. An independent scientist who was not involved in the study took care of the randomization of the participants and treatment allocation. Block randomization was performed with SAS, v9. We stratified the data by the sequence of the beverage.
No confounding factors were taking into account in the randomization because all participants received all beverages. No period nor carry-over effect was expected. The main study outcome was the difference in the cumulative urine output over both 4 h and 24 h between the three alcoholic beverages and their non-alcoholic counterparts AB vs.
NAB, AW vs. NAW, S vs. Secondary outcomes were differences in urinary osmolality, and urine sodium and potassium concentration. Urine osmolality was measured using freezing-point depression Osmomat , automatic cryoscopic osmometer, Gonotec, Berlin, Germany.
Stepwise non-linear General Estimating Equations GEE applying repeated measures were used to identify the overall differences in the cumulative urine output, osmolality, sodium, and potassium, as well as the paired differences in the cumulative urine output between AB and NAB, AW and NAW, and S and W over time between the various beverages.
The same statistical technique was used to determine at which time points the differences in urine output, osmolality, sodium, and potassium were significantly different between the various beverages. Outcomes were adjusted for confounders: baseline value, age, gender, and BMI. Time was included as both a linear and non-linear parameter.
With respect to the paired differences in the cumulative urine output between AB and NAB, AW and NAW, and S and W, the non-absolute difference was applied as a dependent parameter, showing both a positive and negative outcome.
Graphics were performed using GraphPad Prism. A p -value below 0. In total, we screened 46 men and included 20 men, of which one withdrew from the study because of a treatment-unrelated cause Figure 1. Participant characteristics are displayed in Table 3. The median age was 69 65, 75 years. Body mass averaged Figure 2 displays the relative change in the cumulative urine output per trial over the first 4 h.
Table 4 shows the relative change in the cumulative urine output over the first 4 h and over a total of 24 h. At 24 h, no significant differences were found between the alcoholic and non-alcoholic variants AB vs. Table 5 displays the urine osmolality over time. In general, urine osmolality decreased during the first 2 h and increased thereafter. Except for NAB, the urine osmolality was higher than the baseline at 4 h. No significant differences were found between the alcoholic beverages and their non-alcoholic counterparts AB vs.
The difference between AW vs. NAW approached, but did not reach, significance. The time-dependency analysis shows that the urine osmolality of AW vs. At 24 h, no significant differences were found in urine osmolality between the alcoholic beverages and their non-alcoholic counterparts AB vs.
Table 5 displays the urine sodium concentration over time. Except for NAW, the sodium concentration initially decreased at 1 h. Thereafter, the sodium concentration increased for all beverages. At 4 h, the sodium concentration of all beverages was higher than the baseline.
Table 5 displays the urine potassium concentration over time. Except for AB, the potassium concentration is higher after 4 h compared to the baseline. The present study is the first to test the diuretic effect of moderate amounts of weak and strong alcoholic beverages in euhydrated elderly men.
Significant differences in the cumulative urine output, osmolality, and sodium and potassium concentration were only present between AW and NAW, and between S and W, during the first 4 h after intake. No significant differences were found between AB and NAB for the urine output, osmolality, and sodium and potassium concentration at any time point.
This may imply that the acute effect of alcohol on the cumulative urine output is directly dependent on the alcohol concentration and not on the net alcohol content. Research in rats shows that the acute diuretic response to alcohol is related to the alcoholic concentration [ 11 ]. These contradictive findings can probably be explained by differences in the net amounts of alcohol that were used, and differences in the state of hydration of the subjects. In contrast to the large amounts of alcohol ranging from 50— g alcohol that was used in aforementioned studies, the present study aimed to reflect the normal-life situation of older adults and therefore used a more moderate amount of 30 g of alcohol.
Previous studies support these results, showing that differences in the urine output appear only 1—2 h after beverage intake [ 14 , 17 , 18 , 19 , 20 , 21 , 22 ].
This is in line with a previous study that demonstrated that ethanol 1. Also, studies on other dehydrating beverages, such as caffeinated beverages, show that diuretic effects are only short-term [ 24 , 25 ].
In addition, the differences in the urine output between alcoholic and non-alcoholic beverages after exercise disappear from 4 h onwards [ 17 , 22 ]. Based on this, the relevance of the diuretic effect of moderate alcohol consumption in the real-life situation under normal circumstances, can be questioned. Although it has been hypothesized that strong distilled alcoholic beverages provoke more dehydration than weaker alcoholic beverages, experimental evidence is limited.
Therefore, we sought not only to determine whether a higher alcohol concentration causes a stronger diuretic effect, but also whether the differences in the urine output between alcoholic beverages and their non-alcoholic counterparts become larger when the alcohol concentration increases. In other words, when taking the differences in the total fluid volume between AW and S into account, S did not cause a higher cumulative urine output compared to AW.
To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study to investigate the net difference in urine output between beverages varying in alcohol concentration instead of varying alcohol content. More research on this topic is needed.
However, urine osmolality was not.
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